52 research outputs found
Epic and the Russian Novel from Gogol to Pasternak
"Epic and the Russian Novel from Gogol to Pasternak examines the origin of the
nineteen- century Russian novel and challenges the LukΓ‘cs-Bakhtin theory of epic. By removing the Russian novel from its European context, the authors reveal that it developed as a means of reconnecting the narrative form with its origins in classical and Christian epic in a way that expressed the Russian desire to renew and restore ancient spirituality. Through this methodology, Griffiths and Rabinowitz dispute Bakhtinβs classification of epic as a monophonic and dead genre whose time has passed. Due to its grand themes and cultural centrality, the epic is the form most suited to newcomers or cultural outsiders seeking legitimacy through appropriation of the past. Through readings of Gogolβs Dead Soulsβa uniquely problematic work, and one which Bakhtin argued was novelistic rather than epicβDostoevskyβs Brothers Karamazov, Pasternakβs Dr. Zhivago, and Tolstoyβs War and Peace, this book redefines βepicβ
The Quark/Antiquark Asymmetry of the Nucleon Sea
Although the distributions of sea quarks and antiquarks generated by
leading-twist QCD evolution through gluon splitting
are necessarily CP symmetric, the distributions of nonvalence quarks and
antiquarks which are intrinsic to the nucleon's bound state wavefunction need
not be identical. In this paper we investigate the sea quark/antiquark
asymmetries in the nucleon wavefunction which are generated by a light-cone
model of energetically-favored meson-baryon fluctuations. The model predicts
striking quark/antiquark asymmetries in the momentum and helicity distributions
for the down and strange contributions to the proton structure function: the
intrinsic and quarks in the proton sea are predicted to be negatively
polarized, whereas the intrinsic and antiquarks give zero
contributions to the proton spin. Such a picture is supported by experimental
phenomena related to the proton spin problem and the violation of the
Ellis-Jaffe sum rule. The light-cone meson-baryon fluctuation model also
suggests a structured momentum distribution asymmetry for strange quarks and
antiquarks which could be relevant to an outstanding conflict between two
different determinations of the strange quark sea in the nucleon. The model
predicts an excess of intrinsic pairs over pairs, as
supported by the Gottfried sum rule violation. We also predict that the
intrinsic charm and anticharm helicity and momentum distributions are not
identical.Comment: LaTex 18 pages, 4 figures. To obtain a copy, send e-mail to
[email protected]
Asymmetric Quark/Antiquark Hadronization in e+e- Annihilation
We point out that the fragmentation of a strange quark into nucleons versus
antinucleons is not necessarily identical , even though the perturbative contributions from gluon splitting
and evolution are symmetric. The observation of such
asymmetries in the hadronization of strange and other heavy quarks can provide
insight into the nonperturbative mechanisms underlying jet fragmentation in
QCD.Comment: Latex, 12 page
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Risk of Parkinson disease in carriers of parkin mutations : estimation using the kin-cohort method
Objective: To estimate the risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in individuals with mutations in the Parkin gene. Design: We assessed point mutations and exon deletions and duplications in the Parkin gene in 247 probands with PD (age at onset 50 years) and 104 control probands enrolled in the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease (GEPD) study. For each first-degree relative, a consensus diagnosis of PD was established. The probability that each relative carried a mutation was estimated from the proband's Parkin carrier status using Mendelian principles and from the relationship of the relative to the proband. Setting: Tertiary care movement disorders center. Patients: Cases, controls, and their first-degree relatives were enrolled in the GEPD study. Main Outcome Measures: Estimated age-specific penetrance in first-degree relatives. Results: Parkin mutations were identified in 25 probands with PD (10.1%), 18 (72.0%) of whom were heterozygotes. One Parkin homozygote was reported in 2 siblings with PD. The cumulative incidence of PD to age 65 years in carrier relatives (age-specific penetrance) was estimated to be 7.0% (95% confidence interval, 0.4%-71.9%), compared with 1.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.8%-3.4%) in noncarrier relatives of the cases (P = .59) and 1.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.3%-3.4%) in relatives of the controls (compared with noncarrier relatives, P = .52). Conclusions: The cumulative risk of PD to age 65 years in a noncarrier relative of a case with an age at onset of 50 years or younger is not significantly greater than the general population risk among controls. Age-specific penetrance among Parkin carriers, in particular heterozygotes, deserves further study. Mutations in the Parkin gene (PARK2; GenBank AB009973) are associated primarily with early-onset Parkinson disease (PD), defined as age at onset (AAO) ranging from 45 years or younger to 55 years or younger, but have also been described in PD cases with an AAO older than 70 years. In PD cases with an AAO of 45 years or younger with a mode of inheritance consistent with autosomal recessive transmission, the frequency of Parkin mutations may be as high as 49%, whereas in cases without a family history of PD the range is 15% to 18%. Age at onset is inversely correlated with the frequency of Parkin mutations in both familial and sporadic cases. Several studies have compared the AAO of PD in heterozygous, compound heterozygous, and homozygous Parkin mutation carriers and found that heterozygous cases, both familial and sporadic, have an older AAO. Heterozygous Parkin mutation carriers are more frequently reported among sporadic than familial cases. Information on the risk of PD in individuals who carry Parkin mutations in either the homozygous, compound heterozygous, or heterozygous state (or penetrance) is essential for genetic counseling. The penetrance of Parkin mutations has only been reported for isolated families. Most of the previous study designs sampled PD cases based on family history of PD, which would bias penetrance estimates upwards. To obtain an unbiased estimate of risk, a population-based random sample would be desirable, but Parkin mutations are so rare in the population that such a sample would have to be extremely large to obtain sufficient precision in penetrance estimates. To obtain unbiased estimates of the risk of PD in Parkin carriers despite the low population frequency of Parkin mutations, we used a kin-cohort study design applied to participants in the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease (GEPD) study. The kin-cohort design is highly efficient for estimating penetrance because the relatives' mutation status is not required for the analyses, thus reducing costs for genetic analysis
Medical Students' Exposure to and Attitudes about the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Systematic Review
A systematic review of published studies reveals that undergraduate medical
students may experience substantial exposure to pharmaceutical marketing, and
that this contact may be associated with positive attitudes about marketing
Development of a highly protective combination monoclonal antibody therapy against Chikungunya virus
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes global epidemics of a debilitating polyarthritis in humans. As there is a pressing need for the development of therapeutic agents, we screened 230 new mouse anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for their ability to inhibit infection of all three CHIKV genotypes. Four of 36 neutralizing MAbs (CHK-102, CHK-152, CHK-166, and CHK-263) provided complete protection against lethality as prophylaxis in highly susceptible immunocompromised mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnarβ/β) and mapped to distinct epitopes on the E1 and E2 structural proteins. CHK-152, the most protective MAb, was humanized, shown to block viral fusion, and require Fc effector function for optimal activity in vivo. In post-exposure therapeutic trials, administration of a single dose of a combination of two neutralizing MAbs (CHK-102+CHK-152 or CHK-166+CHK-152) limited the development of resistance and protected immunocompromised mice against disease when given 24 to 36 hours before CHIKV-induced death. Selected pairs of highly neutralizing MAbs may be a promising treatment option for CHIKV in humans
Macrophages in Breast Cancer: Do Involution Macrophages Account for the Poor Prognosis of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer?
Macrophage influx is associated with negative outcomes for women with breast cancer and has been demonstrated to be required for metastasis of mammary tumors in mouse models. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is characterized by particularly poor outcomes, however the reasons remain obscure. Recently, post-pregnancy mammary involution has been characterized as having a wound healing signature. We have proposed the involution-hypothesis, which states that the wound healing microenvironment of the involuting gland is tumor promotional. Macrophage influx is one of the prominent features of the involuting gland, identifying the macrophage a potential instigator of tumor progression and a novel target for breast cancer treatment and prevention
Epic and the Russian Novel from Gogol to Pasternak
"Epic and the Russian Novel from Gogol to Pasternak examines the origin of the
nineteen- century Russian novel and challenges the LukΓ‘cs-Bakhtin theory of epic. By removing the Russian novel from its European context, the authors reveal that it developed as a means of reconnecting the narrative form with its origins in classical and Christian epic in a way that expressed the Russian desire to renew and restore ancient spirituality. Through this methodology, Griffiths and Rabinowitz dispute Bakhtinβs classification of epic as a monophonic and dead genre whose time has passed. Due to its grand themes and cultural centrality, the epic is the form most suited to newcomers or cultural outsiders seeking legitimacy through appropriation of the past. Through readings of Gogolβs Dead Soulsβa uniquely problematic work, and one which Bakhtin argued was novelistic rather than epicβDostoevskyβs Brothers Karamazov, Pasternakβs Dr. Zhivago, and Tolstoyβs War and Peace, this book redefines βepicβ
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